Harnessing BMPs for Bone Regeneration: Mechanisms, Biomaterials, and Clinical Applications

Document Type : Review Article

Author

1 Stem Cell Biology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

2 Biotechnology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran

Abstract

Bone tissue engineering is a rapidly advancing interdisciplinary domain dedicated to the regeneration of skeletal defects through the combined use of stem cells, bioactive growth factors, and engineered scaffolds. Among the growth factors employed, BMPs, members of the TGF-β superfamily, have emerged as critical mediators of osteogenesis. These proteins drive the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and activate key signaling cascades such as Smad, MAPK, and Wnt, which collectively facilitate bone formation. However, translating BMP-based therapies into clinical practice involves overcoming major challenges, including precise dose regulation, spatiotemporal delivery, high production costs, and the risk of adverse effects like ectopic ossification. Recent advances in scaffold engineering, particularly the development of smart biomaterials, offer promising strategies for achieving controlled and targeted BMP delivery. This review comprehensively discusses the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of BMPs, evaluates their integration with scaffold technologies, and examines current clinical applications, limitations, and future directions in the context of bone tissue engineering.

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Regenerative Biomedicine
Volume 1, Issue 3
July 2025
Pages 235-249

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