https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/ Regenerative Biomedicine en daily 1 Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 Wed, 01 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0330 https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_503.html Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer and leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. Conventional treatments including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are often associated with severe adverse effects that limit their clinical use. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems offer a promising strategy to overcome these therapeutic limitations. Niosome nanoparticles encapsulating Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extract were synthesized via thin-film hydration using Span-60 and cholesterol (70:30 molar ratio). Characterization included dynamic light scattering, FTIR, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay in HeLa and HFF cell lines. BCL2 and TP53 gene expression was assessed by Real-Time PCR. The optimized formulation showed 69 ± 2.8% encapsulation efficiency, 101.2 nm mean particle size, 0.429 PDI, and −24.1 mV zeta potential. Drug release exhibited biphasic kinetics with 60.7% cumulative release at 72 hours. The IC₅₀ against HeLa cells was 168 μg/mL, significantly lower than free extract (257.9 μg/mL). The niosomal formulation significantly upregulated TP53 and downregulated BCL2 expression compared to controls (P < 0.05), with negligible toxicity to normal HFF cells. Niosomal encapsulation substantially enhances Ashwagandha's anticancer efficacy against cervical cancer cells while maintaining normal cell viability, representing a promising biocompatible nanoplatform for targeted therapy.  https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_504.html Diabetes mellitus affects approximately 422 million people worldwide, with prevalence projected to double within two decades. Linagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor utilized for type 2 diabetes management, exhibits limited oral bioavailability (29.5%) due to extensive first-pass metabolism, necessitating alternative drug delivery strategies. An injectable drug delivery system for linagliptin, a type 2 diabetes management drug was developed through the synthesis of an alginate/gelatin hydrogel. The hydrogel underwent testing to assess its hydrating behavior, material breakdown, ability to be injected, and its crosslinking characteristics using FTIR and XRD testing methods. The hydrogel showed moderate swelling behavior with minimal tissue damage potential and a degradation time of one month which made it suitable for use in drug delivery systems. The hydrogel exhibited rheological properties that were controlled by temperature because it underwent a sol-gel transition at the temperature of 37 degrees Celsius because FTIR and XRD tests showed that crosslinking had been achieved. The drug release profile demonstrated an initial burst effect at 30 minutes which was followed by a sustained release pattern. The developed alginate/gelatin hydrogel represents a promising candidate for sustained linagliptin delivery, exhibiting slow degradation, moderate swelling, and favorable injectability. These properties suggest potential for reducing dosing frequency compared to conventional oral administration, pending validation through in vivo studies. https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_505.html Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI), is a clinically significant reproductive endocrine disorder defined by the cessation of ovarian function prior to age 40, with a global prevalence of approximately 1–2% among women of reproductive age. The condition manifests as a constellation of reproductive and systemic sequelae, including infertility, hypoestrogenism, accelerated bone loss, heightened cardiovascular risk, and considerable psychosocial burden. While current standard of care predominantly centers on hormone replacement therapy, which merely compensates for hormonal deficiency without addressing the underlying pathological process of follicular depletion, nanoengineered exosome platforms have emerged as a paradigm-shifting therapeutic opportunity for restoring functional ovarian capacity. This comprehensive review synthesizes advances published between 2022 and 2026 in the evolving landscape of nanoengineered exosome-based interventions for POI. Exosomes represent superior alternatives to intact mesenchymal stem cells due to their inherent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, ability to traverse biological barriers, and greater potential for standardization. Recent developments in advanced cargo loading technologies (CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genetic engineering of parent MSCs, and sonication-mediated encapsulation of small-molecule therapeutics), surface engineering strategies (ovarian homing peptides, AMHR2-targeting aptamers, and bio orthogonal click chemistry conjugation), and hybrid nanoplatforms (exosome-liposome hybrids, ROS-responsive polymer coatings, and injectable thermosensitive hydrogel composites) are critically evaluated. The evidence base has substantially advanced both mechanistic understanding and engineering capabilities, with CRISPR-guided cargo enrichment, aptamer-based ovarian targeting, and stimuli-responsive polymer-exosome hybrids representing standout developments. As these technologies mature, nanoengineered exosomes stand as one of the most promising vehicles for achieving genuine ovarian regeneration in POI transitioning from theoretical aspiration toward clinical reality.   https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_506.html Declining oocyte quality is a major contributor to infertility, diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), and suboptimal invitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Recent advances in stem-cell biology and regenerative medicine have introduced novel therapeutic strategies to restore ovarian microenvironmental function, attenuate oxidative stress, and enhance oocyte and embryo competence. Advanced therapeutic modalities, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), perinatal stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and their secretome, particularly extracellular vesicles (EVs), exhibit profound regenerative potential. These therapeutic effects are mediated through paracrine signaling, anti-apoptotic pathways, mitochondrial restoration, and modulation of granulosa–oocyte communication. This review This review summarizes recent mechanistic insights, highlights emerging translational evidence, and proposes future directions for integrating stem cell–based regenerative strategies into reproductive medicinequality. Moreover, we highlight existing challenges, clinical observations, and future directions for integrating regenerative biomedicine into reproductive medicine. https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_507.html In vitro neurogenesis, defined as the differentiation of stem cells into functional neurons under controlled laboratory conditions, represents a pivotal tool in contemporary neuroscience research and regenerative medicine. This approach enables precise modeling of neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative disorders, while also supporting the exploration of novel therapeutic strategies. Stem cell–based platforms, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and neural stem cells (NSCs), provide versatile and well-characterized sources for generating diverse neuronal lineages. Experimental in vitro models such as neuronal rosettes and neurospheres offer valuable insights into early neural commitment, spatial organization, and lineage specification during neural differentiation. Furthermore, recent advances have highlighted stem cell–derived exosome therapy as a promising cell-free approach for central nervous system (CNS) regeneration. Collectively, this review summarizes major cellular sources, key molecular markers, differentiation mechanisms, and translational applications of in vitro neurogenesis, while also addressing current limitations and outlining future directions in this rapidly evolving field. https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_508.html Age-related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa represent the leading causes of permanent blindness globally, now affecting more than 200 million people as of 2026, a burden that weighs heavily on healthcare systems and families alike. The Argus II and PRIMA implants, which operate through retinal surface contact, fail to provide significant visual results because their limited electrode distribution (under 100 contacts for Argus II, 378 for PRIMA) can only produce visual output matching 20/1260 acuity at maximum. This limitation arises from their design, which activates ganglion cells instead of targeting the retinal inner layers. Over the past several years, researchers have shown that hydrogels such as gelatin methacryloyl and hyaluronic acid can maintain lab-grown retinal pigment epithelium cells from patients’ own reprogrammed stem cells alive and functioning for over one year. These cells form tight barriers (electrical resistance across them exceeds 300 Ω·cm²) and respond to light in ways confirmed by sensitive electrode recordings. In preclinical porcine models, whose eyes closely resemble human eyes in size, vision improvements of 20-30% on motion tests have been demonstrated, with better preservation of the light-sensing cell layer. Smart drug-releasing coatings further help by reducing scar tissue buildup to under 15%. The research pathway from laboratories to clinical applications requires standardized cell production followed by safety testing in limited volunteer cohorts, leading to trials that demonstrate actual improvements in vision. If successfully developed and scaled, these implants could potentially reduce the treatment burden compared to current wet AMD management methods that require patients to receive frequent injections. This approach represents a paradigm shift in vision loss management by establishing methods to both prevent vision loss and restore lost vision https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_509.html Bone and cartilage defects resulting from trauma, degenerative diseases, and congenital abnormalities present significant clinical challenges due to limited intrinsic regenerative capacity. Nanotechnology offers transformative solutions by enabling the fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds that recapitulate the native extracellular matrix architecture at the nanoscale. This narrative review explores recent advances in nanotechnology-based scaffolds for bone and cartilage tissue engineering, with emphasis on electrospun nanofiber systems and advanced nanocomposites, synthesizing current knowledge and identifying future research directions. Electrospinning has emerged as the predominant technique for fabricating nanofibrous scaffolds, with hybrid approaches combining nanofibers with hydrogels (e.g., GelMA) showing enhanced cellular responses. Metal-organic frameworks, bioactive ceramic nanoparticles (hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate), carbon-based nanomaterials (graphene, carbon nanotubes), and natural polymer nanofibers (collagen, gelatin, chitosan) demonstrate distinct advantages for bone regeneration. For cartilage engineering, stimulus-responsive systems and gradient scaffolds for osteochondral interface regeneration show particular promise. Surface functionalization strategies, including growth factor delivery and ionic modifications, significantly enhance bioactivity. In vivo studies confirm improved osseointegration and cartilage matrix deposition compared to conventional scaffolds. Nanotechnology-based scaffolds represent a paradigm shift in regenerative medicine, offering unprecedented control over scaffold architecture, mechanical properties, and biological functionality. While challenges remain in clinical translation, including scalability, long-term safety assessment, and regulatory pathways, the integration of machine learning-guided design and personalized medicine approaches promises to accelerate the development of next-generation tissue engineering solutions.  https://jrb.ssu.ac.ir/article_510.html AMD stands among the most common and severely disabling eye diseases worldwide, affecting millions of individuals each year. The condition involves progressive degeneration of the central retina known as the macula or yellow spot, leading to gradual loss of central vision that can ultimately result in blindness. AMD primarily affects people over 65 years old, with women experiencing slightly higher rates than men. Disease progression depends heavily on damage to the outer blood-retinal barrier, a critical structure composed of RPE, Bruch's membrane, and choroidal blood vessels that regulates nutrient and oxygen exchange while maintaining retinal physiological balance. AMD exists in two main forms: dry and wet. The dry form, which accounts for most cases, involves slow but steady breakdown of photoreceptor cells together with drusen deposits following a gradual yet persistent course. In contrast, wet AMD features growth of abnormal blood vessels and fluid leakage, causing more rapid and extensive damage to retinal cells. Conventional laboratory models including two-dimensional cell cultures and Transwell systems fail to adequately reproduce the retina's complex three-dimensional structure or accurately replicate long-term functional maturation and cell-cell interactions. 3D bioprinting emerges as an innovative technique capable of producing 3D constructs that closely resemble native retinal tissue. These models enable detailed examination of disease mechanisms, evaluation of cellular responses to various drugs, and development of personalized treatment strategies. This review provides comprehensive coverage of blood-retinal barrier physiology, 3D bioprinting techniques, modeling of both dry and wet AMD forms, pharmaceutical applications, and future directions in this field.