Exosome Therapy Using Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells: A Mini-Review

Exosome therapy using mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes is a rapidly evolving field with significant implications for regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by various cell types, including MSCs, and are known to contain a diverse range of bioactive molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. MSC-derived exosomes have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties. The biogenesis and composition of MSC-derived exosomes are key factors in their therapeutic potential. These exosomes are formed through the endocytic pathway, where multivesicular bodies containing intraluminal vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing exosomes into the extracellular space. MSC-derived exosomes are enriched in specific proteins, such as CD9, CD63, and CD81, and contain various bioactive molecules, including growth factors, cytokines, and microRNAs, which play important roles in mediating their therapeutic effects. MSC-derived exosomes exert their therapeutic effects through various mechanisms, including immune modulation, anti-fibrotic effects, and tissue regeneration. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the efficacy of MSC-derived exosomes in various disease models, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and osteoarthritis. These studies have shown that MSC-derived exosomes can improve tissue repair and regeneration, reduce inflammation and fibrosis, and promote functional recovery in animal models. Overall, MSC-derived exosomes represent a promising new approach for regenerative medicine and immunomodulation, with the potential to address unmet medical needs in a wide range of conditions. Further research is needed to optimize their isolation and delivery methods, elucidate their mechanisms of action, and evaluate their safety and efficacy in clinical trials.